Dominique-René de Lerma:
It was almost a century ago -- 10 April 1915 -- that Musical America, that esteemed journal which still flourishes, printed the following article by Israel Ampter, "Our great need: An American genius."
He was aware that Antonín Dvorak had addressed the same issue a dozen years earlier, but falls short without noting the answer had been present all along, in the spiritual. He lauds Germany, which would not be the case three years later when the German-Americans, who had leadership of many American music establishments, were removed from power because of World War I. Looking at England, he would agree with the British feelings of cultural inferiority (an American importation), not yet noting the work of Edward Elgar, Ralph Vaughan Williams, or for sure Samuel Coleridge-Taylor. Britten was yet to make his mark.
He disdains ragtime and as a result Scott Joplin, and would doubtless have the same negative thoughts about Harry Burleigh. This was only moments before the start of the Harlem Renaissance, that enormous flourishing of talented performers such as Roland Hayes and Marion Anderson, and composers like William Grant Still and Duke Ellington. Had Ampter written on the same subject ten or twenty years later, would he then realize these talents had provided the answer? I doubt that he would even have accepted Gershwin then, but in these words he describes so well what Americans were to worry about for several decades:
“We
Shall Not Have an Individual National Music Until a World Master like
Wagner Rises from Among Us and Creates for Us an Ideal—European
Influence Would Be Negligible if Our Creative Artists Were
All—Compelling in Mastery
IT cannot
be assumed that selfish reasons alone have fostered the movement to
have American musical students pursue their studies in America—i. e., a
desire to retain in America the money that otherwise must be spent
abroad. Nor patriotic reasons, suggesting that American students should
be content with the best training that America affords. These reasons
would be totally invalid and absolutely disregarded by the individual
students.
No,
it is something higher, something ethnological, something esthetic,
something ideal. Not the desire to keep ourselves free and untouched by
foreign influences in the belief that what is American is, at least for
Americans, superior, but the wish that what we do may be as American as
possible, as suggestive of our Western aspirations and conception of
life, as is within the reach of man to attain. The aim is that what we
do and think may be individualistic—not a composite of Old World culture
and New World evolution, but New World culture as derived from all that
the past has produced and moulded into an entity entirely unparalleled
in the history of man. We want to be completely ourselves.
Is
there not distinct German music, decidedly characteristic Italian
music, music peculiarly French and Hungarian, Russian and Norwegian (at
least in Grieg, although the points of resemblance between him, the
Scandinavian, and Puccini, the Italian, are numerous) ? Then why not
American music?
Foreign Influence on Performers
Our
performers, even if they study in America, will for a long time to come
be dependent upon foreign influence in their interpretations. Most of
the compositions are foreign, and those performers who would forget
themselves as much as possible, in the notion that the composition was
not created for them, but it is their office to interpret the
composition, will have to sink themselves into exotic thought and in
their performances try to suggest the current of conception and emotion
felt by the foreign composer. True, the master performer will always
insist on his own conception of what the composer intended, the
performance as a consequence being a blending of the composer and
performer.
Then,
again, as long as our opera going public intends to remain so shallow
as to be content to listen to opera in a tongue that it either does not
understand at all or so imperfectly as merely to grasp—and vaguely at
that—the content and nothing of the beauty of language and thought the
opera will be given in the original language. And that again puts part
of our musicians completely under foreign influence.
Our
composer at least should be left uncontaminated is the cry. They, the
creators of American music, must not be exposed to anything that will
detract from their individuality. A short time ago there appeared the
statement of an American musician to the effect that as the youthful
years are the most impressionable those who during that time study
abroad are bound to come back inoculated with foreign ideas and methods.
He declared that his own life bears out his contention. It would seem,
however, that for our composer to remain here completely—isolated from
the rest of the thinking world—would mean to subject him to the only
influence at all characteristic in America as far as music is concerned,
and at that one that racially and esthetically, he as an individualist
should combat and refute—viz., ragtime. Certainly nothing can be more
baneful on his development than this ragtime, despite its syncopated
rhythm, alluring to the feet of our one-stepping, two-stepping and
downward-stepping dance-mad hordes. And even Dvorak to the contrary.
Why
have our serious composers not produced genuine, undefiled American
music? Why is it that in spite of 5,000 miles separating us from
European thought, in spite of our nation’s being composed of other
constituents, in spite of our living under quite different physical
conditions, in spite of our institutions being different from Old World
institutions, in spite of our ideals being distinct, we have not evolved
anything powerfully American? Probably for no other reason than that
what has been American in music has lacked force, personality, and has
yielded to the stronger influence of united Europe. And is that at all
strange?
As
already stated in the course of these articles, art is not the product
of a day. It is the quintessence of a long period of development in a
definite direction. It is the soul of tendency. It is the force giving
form to outer conditions. It is the culminating power of a nation’s
ideals.
What
is the American nation? Up to the present it has been a continually
varying mass. It is a restless composite of material strugglers, who now
seek a formula for their struggles and clamor for the artist to
proclaim it. Shall the mere desire give birth to him? Walt Whitman is
the only artist that America can claim as American—soul and spirit, mind
and body. All our other writers have been bastard. Our painters are
pure reflections of Europe. Were our artists masters, all-compelling
geniuses, whose personality dominated everything, European thought and
influence would be negligible.
Let
us look at Europe. The states of Europe are in nearly the same
proximity as our American states—certainly far nearer to each other than
the western and eastern coasts of the United States. Great Britain is
not at a great distance from Germany and France. Yet she and America are
practically in the same position—no world-challenging musical genius.
Both of them appreciating music, reveling in it, yet not fertile in
musical thought. Is it that Anglo-Saxon thought is not musical? (It must
be remembered that a good portion of our leading musicians has up to
the present been of British origin.)
Are
the barriers between the nations of Europe so strong? Do frontiers
represent a complete cleavage of thought? Frontiers are fantastic lines
of separation—nothing more. The transition from one state to the other
is so gradual, so imperceptible that for political reasons it must be
emphasized by distinct institutions and forms. The differences- of
nationality in Europe arise from racial and geological conditions. The
railway and steamship are overcoming these barriers so formidably that
we now know of the influence of Russian music in the West (an instance
is to be found in a very recent American work). And certainly this is
not because Western composers have studied in Russia.
Let
us but regard the latest phenomenon in music—the Futurists. Do they not
demonstrate that nations (in music) are disappearing, outline, form and
content being practically given, with a slight addendum on the part of
the composer? I say slight addendum, because that is all that
distinguishes the various nationalities among them. A certain plane of
thought has been arrived at among them which they all understand—the
social spirit dominant. Where now is the wild anarchist, the destructive
iconoclast, the devastating breaker-down and sweeper-away of all that
is considered good, proper and true, that will take the tools that all
musical evolution has brought him, adding thereto his own and clarion
forth into the world a new song of life?
Beethoven,
living under the régime of Italian music, remained Beethoven; Mozart
became part Italian. Beethoven’s genius withstood all the seductive
influences that Italian opera radiated; Mozart fell prey to them.
Birth of Our Own Music
And
yet we, who have produced no genius in music, are to emancipate
ourselves from these influences—perhaps by the distance! It is
impossible. The steamship will bring fresh supplies day by day. We who
recognize that art is not the product of a single day still stretch
forth a begging hand, seeking aid. We whose ears still drink in melody
will hearken to new strains. We whose minds crave new ideals will heed a
new voice. When the American genius has arrived American music will have registered its birth.
Are conditions in America such, firstly, that all talents in this direction
are discovered? (By talents I mean not our especially gifted young men
and women, but the faculty of music resident in every person.) Secondly,
are they cultivated, supported and encouraged? For our present argument
it is quite immaterial whether they grow up into American artists or
not—they are merely to develop.
Both
of these questions must be answered in the negative. This statement
must be taken relatively. To be more explicit, let me designate that
which seeks out, fosters and propagates every artistic trait as
“atmosphere.” Does, then, atmosphere congenial to this work exist in
America?
The
word “atmosphere” is so little understood, so mistaken for but one of
its elements that a definition ought to be attempted. And yet it is so
comprehensive that it could only be deduced from a complete analysis of
conditions in places where this atmosphere exists. Conditions in Germany
(i. e., normal conditions) are not conducive to the artist spirit.
It
has not been a mere matter of chance that Germany has produced such
world-wide geniuses. (This Germany is not to be understood as the
present political unit Germany, but that larger confederation of the
German-speaking people in Central Europe, which, therefore, includes
Austria and part of Switzerland.) It is not a mere matter of chance that
as a result of her geniuses, hosts of foreign disciples of the art have
pilgrimmed to that font of melody. It is not a mere matter of chance
that the great masters and teachers of the art have made the Teutonic
realm the place of their activity. It is not a mere matter of chance
that great interpreters have made it their abode. It is not a mere
matter of chance that every composer and performer seeks final judgment
of his works in Germany.
It
is because the German people are one of the most musical people in the
world and have added thereto a sense of system and method that spells
to-day technic—technic, the means of a more amplified expression of
thought. To state that they are the most musical people in the
world would cause endless dispute and lead us to neglect the primary
argument at this point. The phenomena mentioned in the preceding
paragraph are so convincing that no question can be raised. German sense
of system, thoroughness, breadth of idea have all placed new implements
at the disposal of the composer and produced that gigantic form of
composition that is exclusively German.
Germany
takes her art seriously. Every German, whether he understands or
occupies himself with art or not, knows that it is one of the nation’s
great assets. And the artists are counted among the great men.
This
is “atmosphere,” not in its supreme, but highly superior form. The
student gives impetus and receives impetus not from a small coterie of
similarly employed individuals, but from a nation. He lives and works
among a people that can respond, that regards his calling as an
exceptional one, that honors him for it, that thinks of its musicians as
among its greatest sons. This is the “atmosphere” that surrounds the
novice. This is that something which is not as intangible as we are made
to believe. It is a something that spurs on to never ceasing effort.
America
is, unfortunately, too far away to grasp these influences keenly. And
the distances in America, though bridged over by railroad and telegraph,
are too great to allow a nation-wide impulse and “atmosphere” to be
felt. Furthermore, the blight of the nineteenth century weighs on her.
Can she, not emancipate herself, but awaken to her artistic conceptions?
She can only if a genius like Wagner appears, whose personality is
evidently strong, whose conception of life is not taken from the clouds,
but from living men, and is so engrossing, so overpowering, so colossal
that we, too, will bow before him and perceive in him a creator not of
dollars, but of ideals—a hero! Only then will the world take something
from us. Till then we must imbibe at the font—imbibe till our own
personalities grow large and strong, and produce the new ideal.
---------------------------------
Dominique-René de Lerma
